ÿDSIrZ39³ENUNCPENUDXPENUNCBGENDXB"c,yJ,yR˜(12_w6A,Šê˜rfsrfehds^7,3sid]a;ns = ,emboss] ,produc$^' hdehds^1,tactile ^1,graphicshdees~para.by ,nigel ,h]r+ee~para.,[n]_/,manag] ( ,p5tronics .<#a.>1 ,au?or ( .1,picture,braille<<es~box.,ab/ractl,m* has be5 writt5 reg>d+ ! produc;n ( tactile graphics ov] ! la/ tw5ty ye>s yet ! 8/ate ( ! >t0 has progress$ ll4 ,? pap] \tl9es me?ods & te*niques = ,brl emboss] produc$ tactile graphics t1 :il/ n necess>ily new1 >e support$ by available tools4 ,x al "qs ! suitabil;y ( visual symbology z a viable tactual m$ium 9 ! abs;e ( an acquir$ ref];e4ee~box.es~para.^1,9troduc;nee~para.es~para.,? pap] 3sid]s aspects ( tactile graphics 9 reg>d to "! suitabil;y1 simplifica;n & produc;n on a ,brl emboss] ) 8graphical0 capabil;y4 ee~para.es~para.,af ov] #be ye>s 9volve;t 9 ! ,brl produc;n 9du/ry1 9clud+ au?or+ ,brl produc;n s(tw>e = music & tactile graphics1 "<,picture,braille = ,,dos & ,picture,braille = ,w9d[s">1 ,i h fluctuat$ 2t a wild 5?usiasm = tactile graphics ) ! view t "ey?+ graphical 9 nature cd h a tactile repres5ta;n1 a cynical & jad$ posi;n t x 0 all a wa/e ( "t to f9ally a m mod]ate & 3sid]$ approa* t ac"kl$ges t ) ?"\ & c>e;l prep>a;n "! >e _m tactile repres5ta;ns t c 2 b5eficial4ee~para.es~para..7,x m/ 2 appreciat$ t tactile graphics d n repres5t a direct equival5t ( ! pr9t$ image z ,brl does = pr9t$ text.'4 ,except 9 ! mo/ simple ( cases1 a /raie a visual m$ium4 ,f> m t j ! l9es t >e drawn on a page1 a huge libr>y ( /or$ images & _! rela;n%ip to o!r images resides 9 ! bra9 ( a sie us$ to 9t]pret graphical 9=ma;n4 ,to assume t ? libr>y ( 9=ma;n is at ! 4posal ( a bl p]son is obvi\sly a mi/ake4 ,yet x is m (t5 ?an n t tactile graphics >e produc$ by copy+ ! orig9al pr9t image4 ee~para.es~para.,? is n to su7e/ t a bl p]son _c al acquire a m5tal libr>y ( tactile =ms t c 2 us$ = recognis+ subsequ5t graphics4 ,? 9 fact is ! crux ( ! :ole issue4 ,)\t ! develop;t ( a 8tactile memory01 tactile graphic recogni;n is unlikely to o3ur4 ,x wd seem1 h["e1 t v ll ef=t is sp5t on develop+ ? tactile memory or 3sid]+ ! tactile build+ blocks t *n %d 2 expos$ to t w b5efit !m 9 ! use ( tactile graphics lat]4ee~para.es~para.^7,tactile ,graphic ,produc;n ,me?ods^' ee~para.es~para.,al? a numb] ( me?ods exi/ = ! produc;n ( tactile graphics1 ! ?ree me?ods 2l >e by f> ! mo/ common4ee~para.es~para.,!rmo=mee~para.es~para.,! ,!rmo=m process produces possibly ! be/ tactile graphics ( ! ?ree common me?ods4 ,a pla/ic %eet is h1t$ & vacuum =m$ ov] a tactile model or ma/]4 ,! results >e well def9$1 extremely resili5t & importantly1 feel gd4 ,un=tunately1 x is an extremely exp5sive me?od ( produc;n4 ,a special ma*9e 3si/+ ( a h1t]1 vacuum pump & "tr is requir$4 ,al? (t5 "ws ( >t1 ma/]s c take _m h\rs ( labori\s trac+1 cutt+1 pa/+ & f9d+ j ! "r mat]ial to produce ! desir$ e6ect4 ,graphics t =m "p ( a l>g] text m/ 2 manually collat$4 ,f9ally "! is ! "q ( /or+ ! ma/] 9 case x is requir$ at a lat] date4 ee~para.es~para.,swell ,pap]ee~para.es~para.,a special pap] ) *emically impregnat$ micro-capsules t swell :5 h1t$4 ,>1s ( black 9k on ! pap] h1t m qkly & cause a swell+ ( ! pap] ": an image is drawn4 ,images c 2 transf]r$ to ! pap] by draw+ ) a p51 photocopy+ or pr9t$ f an 9k-pr9t]4 ,! pap] is !n pass$ "? a h1t+ device or fus]4ee~para.es~para.,a relatively simple me?od ( produc+ tactile graphics4 ,un=tunately1 2c x is s easy to simply transf] a pr9t image to ! pap] & raise x1 x c easily produce unsuitable graphics4 ,! pap] is exp5sive & ! l9es produces >e n a well def9$ z o!r processes4 ,! surface im"ps 3sid]able drag "u f+]s & ? c r$uce ! %>p;s ( ! feel4 ,al? n z exp5sive z a ,!rmo=m ma*9e1 a fus] is requir$4ee~para.es~para.,emboss] ,produc$ ,graphicsee~para.es~para.,al? _m ,brl emboss]s h 9corporat$ a graphics mode s9ce ! late #aihj's1 ? me?od rema9s "uutilis$ & _m ( xs advantages >e n r1lis$4ee~para.es~para.,graphics mode on a ,brl emboss] ref]s to ! emboss]'s abil;y to remove ! 9t]-"* & 9t]-l9e spaces & produce all dots ) a regul> spac+4 ,if ? is d"o at ! same resolu;n z a /&>d ,brl cell1 ? results 9 a dot spac+ ( approximately #b4emm or #j4a 9*es4 ,"s emboss]s (f] hi<] resolu;n modes s* z #bmm & #a4fmm4 ,dot spac+'s ( less ?an #bmm h ! t5d5cy to /ructurally w1k5 ! pap] & %d 2 us$ ) c>e4 ,z ! av]age ,brl dot has a base circumf];e ( approximately #amm1 a #bmm dot spac+ produces dots t j t\* at ! base4 ,at #a4fmm dot spac+1 an ov]lap ( ne>ly #j4emm results4 ,a #bmm dot spac+ is g5]ally su6ici5t resolu;n to produce a m1n+;l tactile repres5ta;n4 ee~para.es~para.,! lack ( adequate tools = produc+ emboss] graphics has h9d]$ ! a3ept.e ( ? me?od1 h["e s(tw>e exi/s f a numb] ( s\rces t c qkly & easily 3v]t mo/ image s\rces 9to an emboss] dot equival5t4 ,all dot graphic samples 9 ? docu;t1 & ! ,brl v].n1 7 produc$ ) ,picture,braille;9;< ;>.<#a.> : provides tools = ! 3v].n ( mo/ common ,w9d[s file =mats1 images pa/$ f mo/ draw+ programs s* z ,micros(t ,publi%] & ,pa9t1 scann+ f pr9t s\rces & automatic g5]a;n ( *>ts & graphs4 ,all ! me?ods & processes describ$ >e "p ( ! ,picture,braille s(tw>e4ee~para.es~para.,due to _! l[] resolu;n1 emboss] graphics t5d to n 8look0 z gd z tactile graphics produc$ by o!r me?ods4 ,z s* !y c 2 p]cvd z 9f]ior4 ,! r1l;y is t ^! graphics w 2 9t]pret$ by t\* ,- a f> l[] resolu;n s5se ?an si1 "4 ,?1 is n h["e an 9dica;n ( tactile l5g? 4crim9a;n : 9 "s 9/.es may 2 z f9e z #j4emm .<#c.>4 ,? wd su7e/ t tactile graphics made up ( dots ( #bmm spac+ >e comp>able to graphics 3si/+ ( 3t9u\s l9es & may well 2 p]cvd z s*4 ,two dots #bmm a"p may n 2 4t+ui%able f ea* o!r b ! di6];e 9 l5g? 2t two & ?ree dots is easily p]cvd4ee~para.es~para.,a major criticism ( graphics produc$ by a squ>e matrix ( dots ( relatively co>se spac+ is t x does n prop]ly repres5t circles & curves4 ,s* figures w alw h a /epp$ appe>.e z ! l9e ( be/ fit is made "? ! available dots4 ,x is n s m* a case ( :e!r x looks exactly l a pr9t circle b r t x is able to cle>ly 3vey ! 3cept4 ,diagrammatic 9=ma;n is1 = ! mo/ "p1 a repres5ta;n ( an object or 3cept n necess>ily an exact like;s4 ,3si/5cy ( repres5ta;n is f> m important = tactile recogni;n purposes4ee~para.es~para.,! dot graphic 2l adequately repres5ts & 3veys ! 9=ma;n ( a circle ) a #e;cm radius4<<ee~para.gd~in20:c29x9~{{{-3ccce5'{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{,i{{{{{{{@5{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{s{{{{{{{{{@2{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{_{{{{{{{{{{{_{{{'{{{{{{'','-{_{{{{{@ccccc?{{bf{{ag{"b@{{1{@2{{{{{{{{{{s{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{^'{{{{{{{{>{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{@3-{{{,9i{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ccca{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{es~box. ee~box.es~para.,af all1 a h& drawn circle is r>ely p]fectly drawn b / 3veys ! same 9=ma;n4ee~para.es~para.,! advantages ( emboss] produc$ graphics >e significant4 ,no special equip;t is requir$4 ,! same emboss] us$ to produce ,brl text c 2 us$ to produce graphics4 ,graphics c 2 9corporat$ directly )9 a ,brl docu;t 9 ! same mann] z pr9t4 ,text & graphics c 2 sav$ z "o file & c easily 2 reproduc$ at a lat] date4 ,transcrip;n programs s* z ! ,duxbury ,brl ,translator c import mo/ ( ! curr5t ,brl graphic file =mats4 ,! sav+s 9 produc;n co/s & "t >e 3sid]able4ee~para.es~para.^1,image ^1,categoriesee~para.es~para.,= ! purpose ( ? 4cus.n1 images w 2 3sid]$ to fall 9to ?ree broad categories1ee~para.es~para.#a4 ,photographs1 pa9t+ & pictures1 "<>t">4ee~para.es~para.#b4 ,draw+s & l9e->t4 i4e4 two or ?ree dim5.nal repres5ta;ns ( objects & ?+s4ee~para.es~para.#c4 ,diagrams & graphsee~para.es~para.,photographs & pictures pres5t ! grte/ di6iculty4 ,x is (t5 impossible to 9corporate ! detail 3ta9$ 9 s* complex images & isolat+ ! sali5t po9ts c 2 an >du\s task4 ,? is n to su7e/ t x is impossible to produce tactile graphics ( s* images1 z %[n by ! photograph ( ! soldi] 2l4 ee~para.<gd~in20:c21x20~{{{{{{{07gggdg=7'{{{{{{{{{0)f)=-{{{{e]2{{{{{{{0=p;==l{{{{{@]'{{{{{;==k{dg{{{{{{{{l{{{{,==l{{,-07778-'#'{{{{#=(78@ccccccc]==a{{{{===$=(8'{-7((@=={{{{{@=p^q=?r"c=7@@=g2{{{{{=='{{#({{{{{;m{s{{{{{==(8{=&e{{{{^b#{{{{{{@]=>,?f@{{{{8*>{{{{{{{_=r;u',-'{"\b{{{{{{{{{=l)f@a{{{.41{{{{{{{{{?==9{{{{-[_({{{{{{{{{_==(-0;i@{w=:{{{{{{{{@===k{{{{{-={\'{{{,'-)==={{{{{{_b{{<{07===p==]2{{{{{>{{{@{gc_==l?=2{{{{{9a{,8{{{{ggga@^g{{{{"a{{ggb{<<es~para.,! orig9al photograph %[s ! h1d & "pial %\ld]s ( an >my (fic]1 fac+ =w>ds1 we>+ a b]et4 ,! photograph has be5 lit f "r1 caus+ %ad[s on ! left ( ! picture4 ,9 ! tactile repres5ta;n ? %ad[+ has result$ 9 a hi<] d5s;y ( dots on ! left4 ,a badge ( rank is 4c]nable on ! b]et j to ! left ( c5tre4ee~para.es~para.,x is d\bt;l1 h["e1 ev5 ) ext5sive explanatory notes1 t ? graphic wd "e 2 m ?an a jumble ( dots to "s"o attempt+ to 9t]pret x by t\*4 ,? is n to say t 9 "s circum/.es s* graphics h no b5efit4 ,"s ye>s ago1 at an exhibi;n ": tactile graphic 7 2+ produc$1 ! tactile graphic mo/ s"\ af by bl *n 0 t ( a c>toon image ( ,b>t ,simpson4 ,? 0 n necess>ily 2c x provid$ a recognisable repres5ta;n ( ! "* b r a tangible l9k to :at o!rwise 0 j a 3cept4 ee~para.es~para.,draw+s v>y grtly 9 complex;y & m/ 2 giv5 c>e;l 3sid]a;n :5 3v]t+ to a tactile =m4 ,ev5 simple draw+s may require fur!r simplifica;n4 ,9 g5]al1 black & :ite l9e >t provides ! be/ s\rce4 ,draw+s c 2 lifelike r5d]+s or /ylis$ repres5ta;ns & ^! aspects w 2 4cuss$ lat]4ee~para.es~para.,simple diagrams1 graphs1 *>ts1 geometric figures & plots ( ma!matical equa;ns >e probably ! easie/ to produce 9 tactile =m & >e likely to 2 m r1dily recognis$ tactually4 ,m complex diagrams may 2 able to 2 brok5 d[n 9to simpl] =ms & pres5t$ z sep>ate graphics4 ,x %d 2 r1lis$ t ! t\* r1d] may n make "s ( ! associa;ns or recognise "uly+ graphical =ms t sie likely to4 ,ev5 simple rela;n%ips may n 2 r1lis$ un.s previ\sly po9t$ \4ee~para.es~para.,= example4ee~para.<gd~in20:c43x5~;333336{{{{,2{{{;333337{{{6333332{{;777777{_{{{,i{{{{9al{{{_{{{,i_{{{l{{{{{l{{_======{_{{9a{{{,i{{l{{{_{{9a{_{{{l{{{{{l{{_======{_,i{{{{9a{{{l{{{_,i{{{_{{{l{{{{{l{{_======{^a{{{{j33333b{{{^h3333j{{{h33333b{{^gggggg{<es~para.,two "r angle triangles br"\ tgr s t _! hypot5use =ms a diagonal bisect+ l9e w produce a squ>e4<<ee~para.gd~in20:c46x9~{{{{,5{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9a{e'{{{{{{{{,5{{{{{{{{{,5{{{{{{{{{{0'{{{{{{,i{{{{@5{{{{{{9a{e'{{{{{{9a{e'{{{{{{,)==8{{{{"h3333333h{{{,i{{{{@5{{{,i{{{{@5{{{{0=====('{{{{{{{{{{{{{{"r3333333r{"k{{{{{{{o{{w========1{"633333336{{{@5{{{{,i{{{@5{{{{,i{{{{d=====qa{{{@5{{{{,i{{{{{{e'{9a{{{{{{e'{9a{{{{{{@]==f{{{{{{{e'{9a{{{{{{{{@i{{{{{{{{{@i{{{{{{{{{{da{{{{{{{{{@i{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{<,two "r angle triangles br"\ tgr s t _! hypot5use =ms a horizontal bisect+ l9e w produce a /ylis$ diamond4es~para.<gd~in20:c46x9~{{{{9'{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{,i{@5{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{9a{{{{e'{{{{{{{9'{{{{{{{{{,5{{{{{{{{{{0'{{{{{j3333333j1{{434j3j4341{"633a{e336{{477)==7771{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ok{{{{ok{{{.1{{{{{[{{{{y======k{{4333333341{{j3j434j3j1{"h33'{933h{{jgg]==ggg1{{e'{{{{9a{{{{{{{ea{{{{{{{{{@i{{{{{{{{{{da{{{{{{{@5{,i{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{ea{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{{<<,two triangles ov]lapp$ z abv w produce a six po9t$ />4ee~para.es~para.,simple & obvi\s to a siily s to a bl p]son4 ,_m >e unaw>e ( ^! & a multitude ( o!r rela;n%ips simply 2c !y h n"e be5 expla9$4ee~para.es~para.^1,graphical ^1,3ceptsee~para.es~para.,z m5;n$ e>li]1 graphics c 5compass a range ( visual repres5ta;ns f black & :ite l9e->t to col\r photographic images4 ee~para.es~para.,= ! purpose ( repres5t+ a m complex or ab/ract process by graphical m1ns we use diagrams4 ,! purpose ( diagrams is to simplify a process or situa;n & ?us aid 9 xs explana;n4 ,gd diagrams >e self explanatory ) p]h ! aid ( labels & "s nota;ns4 ,diagrams t complicate a matt] or require ext5sive explana;n h fail$ 9 _! objective4 ,"s"ts ! 8?\s& ^ws0 may 2 bett] ?an ! picture4ee~para.es~para.,! key aspects t make up diagrams >e g5]ally "kn to ! view]4 ,assembly diagrams = furniture may %[ tools1 screws & compon5ts t >e immly recognisable4 ,"! exi/s an unconsci\sly acquir$ symbology t 5ables visual recogni;n4 ,? recogni;n is due to ! life"t ( exposure to s* objects & ! fact t ! diagrammatic =m is (t5 a close two-dim5.nal repres5ta;n ( ! r1l ?+4 ,te*nical diagrams1 s* z electronic circuit diagrams1 on ! o!r h&1 require t ! r1d] 2 famili> ) ! symbology us$ to repres5t compon5ts4 ,? is n a passively acquir$ k b r m/ 2 le>n$4ee~para.es~para.,3sid] ! foll[+ %apeee~para.<gd~in20:c14x9~{{{{-3335'{{{{{{9c{{{{{@e'{{{>{{{{{{{{{^'{;a{{{{{{{{{{:{_{{{{{{{{{{{_{^'{{{{{{{{{{>{{:{{{{{{{{{;a{{{e-{{{{{,9a{{{{{{c333ia{{{{<<,if ask$ to describe x1 all wd say 8a circle0es~para.,if ano!r circle is drawn immly abv ! f/1 ! mo/ common responses >e two circles or a figure ei{{{{{{{.6--9!{{{{{{,ia{{{{{c5{{{,b{{{{{{{{{<{{s{{{{{{{{{{@2{l{{{{{{{{{{{l{<{{{{{{{{{{,b{@2{{{{{{{{{s{{{@5'{{{{{-i{{{{{{.o333x{{{{{{,ia{{{{{c5{{{,b{{{{{{{{{<{{s{{{{{{{{{{@2{l{{{{{{{{{{{l{<{{{{{{{{{{,b{@2{{{{{{{{{s{{{@5'{{{{{-i{{{{{{@e333c{{{{{es~para.444 a sn[man4 ,? response is ! result ( exposure to hundr$s if n ?\s&s ( images ( sn[m51 9 v>i\s =ms1 ov] ! c\rse ( a life"t1 f 9fant to adult4 ,! ?ree circles abv be> only a rudi;t>y resembl.e to a r1l sn[man yet !y su6ice to repres5t ! 3cept4 ee~para.es~para.,( c\rse1 "s"o f a backgr.d t did n 9clude a culture ( sn[m5 wd 2 unlikely to make ! same associa;n4 ,?ree circles may well repres5t "s?+ 5tirely di6]5t4 ,x is valid1 !n1 to assume t ? 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